In recent years, global energy demand has surged due to rapid urbanization and economic growth. As more people move into cities and purchase private vehicles, fuel consumption has risen sharply. According to the International Energy Agency, fossil fuels including coal, oil, and natural gas accounted for 81% of global energy production in 2018, amounting to over 14,421 million tonnes of oil equivalent (Mtoe)[1]. This heavy reliance on finite fossil resources has led to significant environmental challenges, including air pollution, climate change, and a growing threat to global energy security [1].…
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